As a group of historians and a top biographer square off, proponents of a
middle path see a tangled life in which the superstar of science was,
and was not, a true Communist at the same time.
Revisiting Oppenheimer's Communist Ties: A year after Nolan's movie on Oppenheimer, William J. Broad revisits
An Old Clash [Which] Heats Up Over Oppenheimer’s Red Ties in the New York Times.
J. Robert Oppenheimer teemed with contradictions. …
… In a universe of contradictions, the
physicist himself grew famous as an American hero and infamous as a red
sympathizer. The question of his true loyalties rang alarms 80 years ago
as the Federal Bureau of Investigation probed Oppenheimer’s Communist
past — and is now — surprisingly — gaining new attention.
This fall, months after Christopher Nolan’s “Oppenheimer” won seven Oscars, the Journal of Cold War Studies, a quarterly publication of Harvard University, is revisiting the Oppenheimer case.
Four
historians argue that the physicist was not just a Communist ally but a
full-blown member of a secret Berkeley unit who ultimately perjured
himself in a federal hearing that had dug into his past. As evidence,
they cite a substantial body of letters, memoirs and espionage files,
some postdating the movie’s source material.
“Historians
have to go where the evidence takes them,” said Gregg Herken, who leads
the reassessment and is emeritus professor of history at the University
of California.
In sharp disagreement is Kai Bird,
co-author of “American Prometheus,” the 2005 biography of Oppenheimer
on which Mr. Nolan based his film. The biographer denied that, in the 18
years since his book’s publication, any evidence has come to light
confirming that the superstar of American science was in fact a true
Communist.
“The only reason these
folks are revisiting this issue is because of the Nolan film,” Mr. Bird
said. “They’re pushing their own little crusade.”
The trouble with Kai Bird, of course, is that he and Martin J. Sherwin, i.e., The Authors of the Book Behind Nolan's "Oppenheimer" Were Both Editors and Writers at "The Nation" (something the mainstream media members, even William J. Broad in this article, have gone out of their way to downplay).
A
middle path also exists. Some scholars, not unlike the quantum
physicists, see both claims about Oppenheimer as possibly true — that he
was and wasn’t a dedicated Communist. Potential clues, they say, can be
found in his tangled life.
“He may have wavered,” said Thomas L. Sakmyster, an expert on underground Communist units. He said that flexible rules let members see their red ties as blurry.
Oppenheimer
and others, Dr. Sakmyster said, “may have thought of themselves as
fellow travelers” — that is, sympathetic to Communism but not formal
party members. “Probably quite a few vacillated in this in-between
state.” In the idiom of the day, they were pink individuals in red
groups. …/…
Pink versus Red
… Amid the social upheavals of
the Great Depression, [Julius Robert Oppenheimer], like many 1930s liberals, belonged
to leftist groups that denounced fascism abroad and sought economic
justice at home. Even so, the elite physicist had little in common with
the “card carrying, dues paying” Communists of his day. The workers
joined picket lines, went to rallies and sold newspapers that reliably echoed Moscow’s line.
The
ranks of the party soon expanded, however. In the 1930s, it began to
court doctors, lawyers, professors, filmmakers and other members of the
middle and upper classes. Many were leery of party affiliation. In
response, the American party encouraged them to join underground units
where members could study Marx, adopt pseudonyms and work in secret to aid the party. They carried no cards, unlike their worker comrades.
“It
was risky and thrilling,” said Dr. Sakmyster, a emeritus professor of
history at the University of Cincinnati. The secret members, he added,
tended to be “very idealistic, very romantic.”
This
was the moment in which Oppenheimer embraced Communism. His wife, his
former fiancée, his brother, his sister-in-law and some of his best
friends were party members. He called himself “a fellow traveler.” He subscribed to People’s World, a Communist newspaper, and each year gave the party up to roughly $1,000 — today the equivalent of more than $20,000.
That
might have raised eyebrows in some circles, but it was not illegal. And
Moscow would soon be Washington’s ally in World War II. After the war,
however, Moscow got the bomb and quickly built a threatening arsenal. In
1954, at the height of the McCarthy era’s anti-Communism, Oppenheimer faced a secret hearing to determine if he were a security risk.
Under oath, repeatedly, the scientific head of Los Alamos denied ever belonging to a secret Communist unit or having any kind of formal Communist affiliation.
Dr. Herken, who wrote a 2002 book on Oppenheimer, said the trail of contrary evidence starts with two unpublished memoirs.
The first, by Haakon Chevalier, the physicist’s best friend at Berkeley, told of the two men joining the secret unit. The other, by Gordon Griffiths, a graduate student who became a University of Washington historian, said that he had been the Communist liaison to the group and that Oppenheimer was a member.
“American Prometheus,” which won the 2006
Pulitzer Prize in Biography, dismissed such evidence as insubstantial.
“Quite bluntly,” Mr. Bird and his co-author Martin J. Sherwin declared, “any attempt to label Robert Oppenheimer a Party member is a futile exercise.”
New clues, however, kept coming to light. In 2009, John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, historians of American Communism and Soviet espionage, cited old Soviet intelligence reports they saw as clearly indicating that “Oppenheimer had lied” to American officials about his party affiliation.
Barton J. Bernstein, an emeritus professor of history at Stanford University who has studied the Oppenheimer case for decades, said he was skeptical at first of the physicist’s formal Communist ties but now sees the evidence as “overwhelming.” …
Think about it: isn't it somewhat disconcerting — to say the least — that in the 2020s, a major motion picture, one that is highly praised and that has won the highest awards, has as its central tenet a tendency to downplay the malignancy of Stalin while accentuating the (alleged) guilt of America and the free world?
A discussion was arranged in the Fall of 2024, featuring Dr. Herken, Dr. Bernstein, Dr. Haynes
and Dr. Klehr.
Dr. Kramer said that Mr. Bird, the biographer, had
declined an invitation to address their comments and that Mr. Nolan did
not respond.
Eighty years ago, in March 1945 or as early as February, Anne Frank suffered so much at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp that the teenager passed away at only 15 years of age, a day after her older sister Margot.Au moyen d'extraits de son célèbre Journal dont le Anne Frank Fonds nous a donné un accès exclusif, ainsi que de photographies inédites et d'archives historiques colorisées, nous allons plonger dans le quotidien, les joies, les espoirs et les angoisses d'une jeune adolescente de 13 ans, juive, clandestine, cachée sous l'Occupation nazie. Depuis sa parution en 1947, Le Journal d'Anne Frank a été publié dans 192 pays, traduit dans 78 langues et vendu à plus de 30 millions d'exemplaires à travers le monde. Une extraordinaire leçon de vie pour comprendre comment grandir, comment vivre, alors que la barbarie envahit le monde. Un témoignage direct, sensible et poignant sur l'adolescence, qui reste aujourd'hui plus que jamais nécessaire. Pour créer un pont naturel avec les jeunes générations, nous avons donné un visage à Kitty, l'amie imaginaire à qui Anne Frank écrivait : cinq adolescentes, plurielles, issues de la diversité. Ces jeunes filles sont aujourd'hui les dépositaires de la mémoire d'Anne. Nous les avons filmées dans leur quotidien, dans des séquences de vie en écho avec le récit du Journal. Anne Frank, l'histoire d'une adolescente, l'histoire d'une jeune fille qui devient une femme malgré la guerre et la terreur et qui, 80 ans après sa mort, reste un symbole universel de résistance et d'espérance.
Réalisation : Alexandre Moix - Production : KM production & Bleu Kobalt
)
:quality(50)/2024/03/06/super-tuesday-debat-65e8927f16922205289245.jpg)
