And as far as regards the Kremlin, from the earliest days of the Soviet revolution to the current days of Russian resurgence (cf. Ukraine and the Crimea):
Too
many Western intellectuals … “got pushed around by a
really effective propaganda apparatus while a good deal of architecture
of European peace and prosperity got taken down.”
All this we learn from
Jennifer Schuessler's article in the New York Times (!) Review of Books on the author of, most lately,
“Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning” (Dankeschön zu Herr Professor Reynolds für
die Instapundit link).
When Timothy Snyder’s book “Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin”
was published in 2010, it quickly established its author as one of the
leading historians of his generation, a scholar who combined formidable
linguistic skills — he reads or speaks 11 languages — with an elegant
literary style, white-hot moral passion and a willingness to start
arguments about some of the most fraught questions of the recent past.
Here, Mr. Snyder aims to offer a radically new explanation of the Nazi genocide grounded in Hitler’s belief in a global ecological crisis
caused by the Jews, while also sounding an alarm about how our own era
of environmental disruption could lead to similar orgies of violence.
… Mr. Snyder has already been credited with powerfully reframing the
darkest chapter of the 20th century. “Bloodlands” situated the Holocaust
in the context of the 14 million civilians, by Mr. Snyder’s count, who
were murdered or deliberately starved in the contested territory between
the Baltics and the Black Sea from 1933 to 1945, thus putting an event
often sealed off in quasi-mystical uniqueness squarely in historical
context. Translated into more than 25 languages, the book stirred
multiple debates in multiple countries, perhaps most intensely in
Eastern Europe, where it has figured in highly politicized arguments about collaboration, national suffering and how to weigh the crimes of Hitler against those of Stalin.
… “Black Earth” presents a complicated braid of arguments, building on
ideas already present in “Bloodlands.” Reviewers have already begun picking apart
one of Mr. Snyder’s central, and most counterintuitive, claims: that
the Holocaust depended crucially not on Hitler’s creation of an
all-powerful German state but on his determination to create zones of
statelessness in the territories he conquered, thus clearing the way for
slaughter.
… Some early reviews of “Black Earth” have lodged … criticisms. … “There’s
a very strong focus again and again on former Communists and on the
actions of the former Soviet Union, which were obviously absolutely
horrific,” [the historian David A. Bell] said. “But what ultimately saved those Jews who
survived was the Red Army.”
What some of us would call out of the frying pan and into the fire (as Bell reminds us of the intellectuals quoted in this post's opening excerpt). Not least because Stalin reopened some of the Germans' concentration camps (such as Sachsenhausen).
When
asked about the role of popular anti-Semitism, Mr. Snyder, who is a
member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s
Committee on Conscience,
reiterated his belief that animus toward Jews, while widespread in
prewar Poland and elsewhere, simply does not explain how the Nazi
genocide started, the forms it took or who participated.
“There are arguments in this book that are clearly not my effort to win a popularity contest,” he added dryly.
And
he sharply challenged the charge of bias. If anything, he said,
scholarship of the Holocaust has been too dominated by German-language
sources and by an “ethnic shorthand,” itself traceable to the Nazis,
that obscures more than it illuminates.
“Our
shorthand for talking about this stuff has been Poles and Jews, Germans
and Jews,” Mr. Snyder said. “I think it should be states, institutions,
micro-level sociological explanations, economic behavior.”
Paradoxically,
he continued, while Germans were “the most responsible by far” for the
Holocaust, Germany is generally viewed as having a complexity and
variety not as readily granted to Eastern European nations.
… Colleagues credit Mr. Snyder with insistently bringing East European
voices from the margins to the center of the broader academic and
political conversation, a mission he shared with his mentor and friend
Tony Judt, who died in 2010.
… “The
work he’s done to bring research from the region to English-speaking
audiences has been tremendous,” said Paul Hanebrink, an associate
professor at Rutgers University who is working on a book about
anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe.
That
effort took on a more urgent dimension during the 2014 Ukraine crisis,
when Mr. Snyder, a frequent contributor to The New York Review of Books,
emerged as a leading interpreter and champion of the country’s
pro-European revolution. His
impassioned advocacy has made him a hero to many in Ukraine, where he and Mr. Wieseltier
convened a conference
of leading European and American intellectuals in May 2014, two months
after the Russian annexation of Crimea, as a show of solidarity.
But
Mr. Snyder is hardly universally celebrated in Eastern Europe. He has
come under fire in a number of countries, including Ukraine, he notes,
for challenging what he calls the “exaggerated” death tolls from Soviet
crimes offered by some government-sanctioned scholars, among
other challenges to nationalist history.
As for
those
on the American left who have accused him of glossing over far-right
elements in the Ukrainian revolution, Mr. Snyder attributes the
underlying claim to a Russian misinformation campaign that
painted protesters on Maidan Square in Kiev as the heirs of National Socialism.
Too
many Western intellectuals, Mr. Snyder said, “got pushed around by a
really effective propaganda apparatus while a good deal of architecture
of European peace and prosperity got taken down.”
In
the conclusion of “Black Earth,” Mr. Snyder reiterates the central
importance of Ukraine, arguing that Mr. Putin’s annexation of Crimea and
depiction of Ukraine as “an artificial entity” backed by “Jews, gays,
Europeans and Americans” carries dangerous echoes of Hitler in the late
1930s.
But
Mr. Snyder also offers a wider-angled warning, arguing, in language
verging on the prophetic, that political actors in any number of places —
China, the Middle East, Africa — might blame very real environmental
crises on imaginary global enemies, possibly setting the stage for
another Holocaust.